Ko kushomeka kwesemiconductor kunokukanganisa sei?

Tichifunga nezvedenda, kushomeka uye nyaya dzekutengesa dzakavhara indasitiri yese, kubva mukugadzira kusvika kune yekufambisa.Chimwe chigadzirwa chikuru chakabatwa semiconductors, chimwe chinhu chaunoshandisa mukati mezuva rako rose, kunyangwe iwe usingazvizive.Kunyange zviri nyore kufuratira aya maindasitiri hiccups, kushomeka kwesemiconductor kunokukanganisa iwe munzira dzakawanda kupfuura dzaungatarisira.

Chii chinonzi semiconductor, uye inogadzirwa sei?

Semiconductors, inozivikanwawo semachipisi kana mamicrochips, zvidiki zvidiki zvemagetsi zvinogamuchira mabhiriyoni ematransistors mukati mazvo.Ma transistors anobvumira kana kusatendera maerekitironi kupfuura mavari.Iwo machipisi anowanikwa muzviuru zvezvigadzirwa zvakaita semafoni, madhishi, midziyo yekurapa, zvikepe, uye mota.Ivo vanoshanda se "uropi" hwemagetsi edu nekushandisa software, manipulate data, uye kutonga mabasa.
Kugadzira, chip imwe chete inopedza mwedzi mitatu ichigadzirwa, inosvika nhanho dzinopfuura chiuru, uye inoda mafekitari makuru, makamuri asina huruva, michina yemadhora miriyoni, matani akanyungudutswa, uye lasers.Iyi nzira inonetesa uye inodhura.Somuenzaniso, kuitira kuti kunyange kuisa silicon mumuchina wekugadzira chip pakutanga, imba yekuchenesa inodiwa-yakachena zvokuti guruva rinogona kukonzera mamiriyoni emadhora ekupambadza.Zvigadzirwa zvemachip zvinoshanda 24/7, uye zvinoda madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemashanu kuvaka fekitori yekupinda-chikamu nekuda kwemidziyo yakakosha inodiwa.Kuti vadzivise kurasikirwa nemari, vanogadzira machipisi vanofanira kuita madhora mabhiriyoni matatu epurofiti kubva kuchirimwa chimwe nechimwe.

Semiconductor yakachena kamuri ine inodzivirira LED amber mwenje.Mufananidzo Chikwereti: REUTERS

Nei paine kushomeka?

Zvinhu zvakawanda mugore nehafu zvapfuura zvakasangana kukonzera kushomeka uku.Iyo yakaoma uye inodhura maitiro ekugadzira chip ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekushomeka.Nekuda kweizvozvo, hapana zvirimwa zvakawanda zvekugadzira chip munyika, saka dambudziko mune imwe fekitori rinokonzera ripple maitiro muindasitiri yese.
Nekudaro, chikonzero chikuru chekushomeka chinogona kukonzerwa neiyo COVID-19 denda.Chekutanga, mafekitori mazhinji akavhara pakatanga denda, zvichireva kuti zvekushandisa pakugadzira chip zvaisavapo kwemwedzi mishoma.Maindasitiri mazhinji ane chekuita nemachipi akadai sekutakura, kugadzira, uye zvekufambisa akatarisana nekushomeka kwevashandi zvakare.Pamusoro pezvo, vatengi vazhinji vaishuvira zvemagetsi muchiedza chekugara-pamba uye kushanda-kubva-kumba matanho, zvichikonzera mirairo inoda kuti machipisi aungane.
Uyezve, COVID yakaita kuti zviteshi zveAsia zvivhare kwemwedzi mishoma.Sezvo 90% yemagetsi epasirese achipfuura nemuChina yeYantian port, kuvharwa uku kwakakonzera dambudziko rakakura mukutumirwa kwemagetsi uye zvikamu zvinodiwa pakugadzira chip.

Mhedzisiro yeRenesas Moto.Mufananidzo Chikwereti: BBC
Dai zvese zvine chekuita neCCIDIDs zvisina kukwana, nyaya dzakasiyana dzemamiriro ekunze dzakatadzisa kugadzirwa zvakare.Chirimwa cheJapan Renesas, icho chinogadzira anenge ⅓ emachipisi anoshandiswa mumotokari, chakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya nemoto munaKurume 2021 uye mashandiro haana kudzoka kune zvakajairika kusvika Chikunguru.Madutu echando muTexas mukupera kwa2020 akamanikidza vamwe veAmerica vatove vashoma nhamba yezvirimwa zvechip kumisa kugadzirwa.Pakupedzisira, kusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya muTaiwan mukutanga kwa2021, iyo nyika inotungamira yekugadzirwa kwechip, yakakonzera kugadzirwa kunonoke sezvo kugadzirwa kwechip kunoda mvura yakawanda.

Kuperevedza kwacho kunokubatsira sei?

Huwandu huzhinji hwezvigadzirwa zvevatengi zvine semiconductor machipisi anoshandiswa mazuva ese anoita hurema hwekushomeka huve pachena.Mitengo yemidziyo ingangokwira uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvichanonoka.Pane fungidziro dzekuti US Manufacturers vachagadzira zvingangoita 1.5 kusvika 5 miriyoni mota shoma gore rino.Semuenzaniso, Nissan yakazivisa kuti ichaita 500,000 mota shoma nekuda kwekushomeka kwechip.General Motors yakatovhara kwenguva pfupi zvidyarwa zvayo zvitatu zvekuNorth America kutanga kwa2021, kupaka zviuru zvemota dzakapedzwa kunze kwemachipisi avanoda.

General Motors yakavharwa nekuda kwekushomeka kwesemiconductor
Mufananidzo Chikwereti: GM
Makambani emagetsi evatengi akaunganidza machipisi kutanga kwedenda nekuda kwekungwarira.Nekudaro, muna Chikunguru Apple CEO Tim Cook akazivisa kuti kushomeka kwechip kungangononoka kugadzirwa kwe iPhone uye kwakatokanganisa kutengesa kwePads neMacs.Sony vakabvuma zvakafanana kuti havagone kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvePS5 nyowani.
Midziyo yemumba yakaita semamicrowave, madhishi, nemichina yekuwachisa zvakatonetsa kutenga.Makambani mazhinji emidziyo yemumba seElectrolux haakwanise kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvezvese zvigadzirwa zvavo.Zvishandiso zvemumba zvakangwara senge mabhero emusuwo evhidhiyo zviri panjodzi zvakaenzana.
Sezvo nguva yezororo yave pedyo, pane yambiro yekuti tisatarisire mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagetsi dzatajaira mumakore atinoziva—yambiro “dzapera” dzinogona kuwedzera kuwanda.Pane chido chekuronga mberi uye kusatarisira kuodha uye kugamuchira zvigadzirwa pakarepo.

Chii chiri ramangwana rekushomeka?

Kune mwenje pamagumo emugero nekushomeka kwesemiconductor.Chekutanga pane zvese, kuvharwa kweCOVID-19 kwemafekitori uye kushomeka kwevashandi kuri kutanga kudzikira.Makambani makuru akaita seTSMC uye Samsung akavimbisawo mabhiriyoni emadhora pamwe chete kuti aise mari mukukwanisa kwekutengesa uye kukurudzira kune vanogadzira chip.
Kuziva kukuru kubva mukushomeka uku inyaya yekuti panofanirwa kuve nekudzikira kuvimba neTaiwan neSouth Korea.Parizvino, America inongogadzira inenge 10% yemachipi ayo yaanoshandisa, ichiwedzera mutengo wekutumira uye nguva nemachipisi kubva mhiri kwemakungwa.Kuti agadzirise nyaya iyi, Joe Biden akavimbisa kutsigira semiconductor chikamu nemari yetekinoroji yakaunzwa muna Chikumi iyo inopa madhora mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu neshanu emadhora ekuAmerica kugadzira chip.Intel iri kushandisa madhora mabhiriyoni makumi maviri pamafekitori maviri matsva muArizona.Mauto uye Space semiconductor inogadzira CAES inotarisira kuwedzera vashandi vayo zvakanyanya mukati megore rinotevera, nekusimbisa kuwana machipisi kubva kuUS zvidyarwa zvakare.
Kuperevedza uku kwakakatyamadza indasitiri asi zvakare yakazivisa nezvenyaya dzenguva yemberi nekuwedzera kudiwa kwezvinhu zvinoda akawanda semiconductors sedzimba dzakangwara uye mota dzemagetsi.Inotarisira kuteerera rudzi rweyambiro kune indasitiri yekugadzira chip, kudzivirira nyaya dzemangwana dzeiyi caliber.
Kuti uburitse zvimwe nezve kugadzirwa kwemasemiconductors, fambisa Mangwana World Today's "Semiconductors in Space" paSCIGo uye Discovery GO.
Ongorora Nyika Yekugadzira, uye tsvaga sainzi kuseri kwemaroller coasters, izvo iwe zvaunofanira kuziva nezve zvemagetsi kudzokorodza, uye tora zvishoma pane ramangwana remigodhi.